CHAPTER 5 : Solid And Hazardous Waste Management In Malaysia

Hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment.

Characteristic hazardous wastes are materials that are known or tested to exhibit one or more of the following four hazardous traits:

• ignitability
• reactivity
• corrosivity
• toxicity

Listed hazardous wastes are materials specifically listed by regulatory authorities as hazardous wastes which are from non-specific sources, specific sources, or discarded chemical products.Many types of businesses generate hazardous waste. dry cleaners,automobile repair shops, hospitals, exterminators, and photo processing centers may all generate hazardous waste. Some hazardous waste generators are larger companies such as chemical manufacturers, electroplating companies, and oil refineries. These wastes may be found in different physical states such as gaseous, liquids, or solids. A hazardous waste is a special type of waste because it cannot be disposed of by common means like other by-products of our everyday lives. Depending on the physical state of the waste, treatment and solidification processes might be required. 

Worldwide, the United Nations Environmental Programme(UNEP) estimated that more than 400 million tons of hazardous wastes are produced universally each year, mostly by industrialized countries (schmit, 1999). About 1 percent of this is shipped across international boundaries, with the majority of the transfers occurring between countries in the Organization for the Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD) (Krueger, 1999). One of the reasons for industrialized countries to ship the hazardous waste to industrializing countries for disposal is the rising cost of disposing hazardous waste in the home country.

Type of Solid Waste

(http://zerowaste.uoregon.edu/Factoids.htm)

Type of Hazardous Waste

(http://rapidwasteenviro.com/?page_id=35)

What is technology and system that Malaysia used for solid waste management?

      In Malaysia the system that used to dispose solid waste management are "incinerator" like that used in Langkawi. Incinerator is the process of burning solid waste under controlled conditions to reduce its weight and volume, and often to produce energy. An "incinerators" can dispose up to 1,200 tons of garbage daily.

    Another method is "sanitary garbage disposal" which is disposing of solid waste on land, in a manner that meets most of the standard specifications, including sound silting, extensive site preparation, proper leachate and gas management and monitoring, compaction, daily and final cover, complete access control, and record-keeping.

 Is the law and policy in Malaysia effective in controlling waste from residential and industrial area? 

     Malaysia possesses strict environmental rules and regulations. Currently it has more than 43 environment-related legislations. The core environmental legislation is the Environmental Quality Act of 1974 that provides the legal framework for laws to regulate the activities deemed to affect the environment. Rules and regulations that have been passed under the powers of this act include the Environmental Quality (Clean Air)Regulations of 1978, the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities/Environmental Impact Assessment)Order of 1987, and the First Schedule of the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Waste) Regulations of 1989.The Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment is responsible for the environment in the country; the Department of Environment works under the Ministry. In addition, every state has its separate Department of Environment. The Environmental Quality Council assists the ministers about environmental policies and in the decision-making process. Malaysia has signed and ratified all the international protocols related to the protection of the environment. For example, it is a signatory for the implementation of Agenda 21 (Declarations of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 1992).  

     Using the provisions of the government act, all local authorities have passed sanitation related by-laws that provide them with the power to regulate solid-waste disposal in their jurisdictions. In addition to general sanitation by-laws, there are other by- laws with waste disposal regulations. For example in the hawkers’ by -laws, there are provisions on how waste generated through their business is to be stored and disposed of. It is important to note that although there is some similarity in the sanitation by-laws among the local authorities in Malaysia, there are also differences. 

    Even though there is law and policy that have been implement but it is not effective as Malaysia generates more solid waste than the amount that can be collected. Which resulted, some of the waste is not collected or legally dispose. Therefore, the law that been applied is not effective to curb the problem of solid waste materials. 

Impacts of Solid Waste

THERE ARE 2 MAIN IMPACT OF SOLID WASTE: 

Health Hazard especially to:

(a) pre-school children 

(b) waste workers 

(c) workers in facilities producing toxic 

Environmental Impact to:  

(a) Animals 

(b) Aquatic life

(http://www.iswa.org/media/publications/iswa-newsletters/iswa-global-news-issue-26-december-2013/)

Solid Waste Issues 

Modernization - a progressive transition from a 'traditional' to a 'modern' society.

Increase in global population and rising demand for food and other essentials, there has been a rise in the amount of waste being generated.

Type of waste generated also changed along with the development of modernity.

Reference :

* http://www.academia.edu/4533397/SOLID_WASTE_MANAGEMENT_IN_MALAYSIA

*http://rapidwasteenviro.com/?page_id=35

*http://zerowaste.uoregon.edu/Factoids.htm

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_waste

*http://www.iswa.org/media/publications/iswa-newsletters/iswa-global-news-issue-26-december-2013/

*notes that been given by Encik Mohd Jamalil Azam

CHAPTER 4 : Communicable And Non-communicable Disease

What Are Diseases

Let's say you're sitting at a gate in a major American airport, waiting to board a flight. At a neighboring gate, a flight arrives and several people exit the plane wearing surgical masks. You assume that you should probably avoid these people. They must have some illness and are trying not spread it to a planeload of people. Then, your plane starts loading. You strike up a conversation with someone who's describing their difficulty getting through security with insulin and syringes. They're diabetic, yet not wearing a surgical mask. You aren't worried about catching diabetes, but why? Diabetes is a life-threatening disease after all. To answer this question, we need to examine the main difference between common illnesses.

A disease is any abnormal condition that causes a disruption in the functions of a body tissue, organ, or entire organism. Diseases are recognized by a specific set of symptoms. Think about the diseases you know: a cold, the flu, measles, cancer, stroke, or diabetes, just to name a few. These diseases all disrupt the body in very characteristic ways. Now think about what causes these conditions: viruses, bacteria, fungi, smoking, genetic defects, etc. There are countless diseases, each with its own unique and characteristic cause. But why can you 'catch' some diseases but not others? This is due to the two different types of disease: communicable and noncommunicable.

What Are Communicable Diseases and Non-communicable Diseases

Communicable diseases are spread from person to person or from animal to person. The spread or transfer can happen through the air, through contact with contaminated surfaces, or through direct contact with blood, feces, or other bodily fluids. A cold is an example of a communicable disease (a cold is the general term given to a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract). 

What about other things like cancer, heart disease, and diabetes? You can't 'catch' these right ? These are examples of non-communicable diseases, which are medical conditions that are not infectious and cannot be passed from one person or animal to another. Your fellow passenger with diabetes was either born with it or developed it later in life. Either way, you cannot 'catch' diabetes. 

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

(http://www.slideshare.net/LaurenDanillo/communicable-and-noncommunicable-disease)

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

(http://www.slideshare.net/heather1heather1/3-non-communicable-diseases)

Mode of transmission

There are 2 way in that the agent is transferred to a new host, which are :

        

       -Direct   : direct contact

       -Indirect : vehicle and vector borne 

      -Direct contact - microorganisms directly from one individual to another by one or more.

Example of direct contacts :

-Trans placental transmission is relating to, involving, or being passage (as of an antibody) between  mother and fetus through the placenta.

-Person to person: from touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse or direct projection of  respiratory droplets into another person's nose or mouth during coughing, sneezing or talking.

Example of indirect contact:

-Vehicles : inanimate or non-living means of transmission of infectious organisms such as handkerchief, soiled clothes and doorknobs.

-Vectors : animate or living vehicles which transmit infections that are usually an arthropod, which transmits an infectious agent to a new host such as houseflies, mosquitoes, lice and ticks.

*all this point's are not mine, it is based from the reference that I found. Please refer the      link/journal.

-http://study.com/academy/lesson/communicable-noncommunicable-diseases-definition-examples.html

-http://www.slideshare.net/heather1heather1/3-non-communicable-diseases

-http://www.slideshare.net/LaurenDanillo/communicable-and-noncommunicable-disease

CHAPTER 3 : ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY

 CHAPTER 3 : ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY

      Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences.

This are 2 type of the epidemiology : 

(http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/Types-of-Epidemiological-Studies.html)

In term of descriptive studies:

Person – age, gender, ethnicity and risk taking behaviour

Place – climate, geology and population density

Time – Age (time since birth), seasonality and temporal trends

Epidemiology Triangle

(https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat507/node/25)

Agent - microbe that causes the disease such as biological (bacteria, virus, parasites), physical (radiation, physical force), chemical (pollutants, drugs), nutrients (nutritional deficiency).

  Host - organism harbouring the disease in terms of Age, race, sex, socioeconomic status, immunity, and behaviours

Environment - those external factors that cause or allow disease transmission.

Reference

*http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/Types-of-Epidemiological-Studies.html

*https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat507/node/25

*From my lecture's note named Encik Mohd Jamalil Azam

CHAPTER 2 : Environmental Health Profession In Malaysia.

CHAPTER 2 : Environmental Health Profession In Malaysia.

    Environmental health profession is very synonym with public health discipline in Malaysia. Its was started in 1870 when Sanitary Board and Municipal Corporation was established by British ruling. During that time, enforcement is the priority without neglecting other aspect such building, solid waste disposal, sewerage system, food hygiene, infectious control and water supply.

    Lets talk a little bit about the history of the profession. In 1921 until 1958, Environmental health profession were trained at King Edward College of Medicine, Singapore. However, the training was moved to the newly independent Malaya in 1958 and conducted at the Health Inspectors Training Institute at Young Road, Kuala Lumpur. At that time, graduates will be awarded a Diploma Royal Society of Health for the Promotion of Health for Health Inspector (RSH) (London). The training was then shifted to the Public Health Institute, Bangsar Road, Kuala Lumpur in 1967. Nowadays, Health Inspector training has been officially conducted at Allied Health Science College which is known as Kolej Sains Kesihatan Bersekutu (under MOH) and other public and private universities in Malaysia. The Ministry of Health recommended that Diploma holders be known as Assistant Environmental Health Officers.

(http://www.ifeh.org/spotslights/22_malaysia.html)

    Now we go to the profession of the environmental health. Assistant Environmental Health Officer (AEHO) U29 is a front liner in maintaining sustainable public health, responsible for delivering a health education and promotion to the community, and enforce of certain act or regulation in order to preserve human health. 

They are involved in a variety of activities such as:

- Inspecting food facilities.

- Investigating public health nuisances. 

- Investigating and controlling infectious disease cases. 

- Promoting safe and healthy lifestyle. 

There 4 types of local government is Malaysia, they are:

- City                                                     - City Hall & City Council

- Municipality                                       - Municipal council 

- Rural area                                           - District Council

- Special and modified local authority - Corporation, Development Board, Development Authority.

Placement of Duty:

1. Ministry of Health, Malaysia

 - Legislative and inspectorate (public health)

 - Disease control 

 - Food quality and safety

 - Engineering services 

2. Ministry of Health Training Institute 

 - Public health Institute (IKU) 

 - Allied Health Science College (KSKB)

3. Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government 

 - Environmental Health Division 

 - Maintenance and public facilities division

4. Solid Waste Management and Public Cleansing Corporation (PPSPPA)

5. The State Health Department 

 - Vector control unit 

 - Food safety and quality unit

 - Disease control unit 

 - Public health engineering unit 

 - Health promotion unit 

6. Public Hospital 

 - Public health division

7. Health District Office including border/entry point (Current update: 167)

8. Local Authorities (LA) including modified LA

9. Institute of Higher Learning (Public) 

10. Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) 

(http://www.usphs.gov/profession/environmental/)

*All these points were based from my lecture's note named Encik Mohd Jamalil Azam and I did not own of his note's point.

CHAPTER 1 : Introduction of Environmental Health

CHAPTER 1 : Introduction of Environmental Health


     The definition of environmental is it divided by physiology, biological. social cultural which are influence health status. It also relates individual human's surroundings.

     Health is not-merely free from disease or disability in aspects of all the physical, mental and social life. Health also depends on the resources and hazards on its surroundings.

     Environmental health is a branch in the field of public health that explores the concept of awareness and knowledge about aspects of nature,the environment and the built environment that are related to human health. Other terms are also used in reference to the discipline of environmental health include environmental public health care and the environment.

    Health is totally depends on the resources and the hazards, for example, good health is depends on the accessibility to sustainable resources (etc.clinic and hospital that is available at the neighbourhood) and bad health is due from inaccessibility to sustainable resources or that had been expose to a hazardous substance.

What is environmental health ?
-scientific and reality:          humans are just one player in ecosystem and in the global environment.
-public health perspective:   hazards to human health are core concern.

Environmental elements divided by four ;
- Psychosocial : Beliefs, habits, religion, education, lifestyles.
- Physical        : Traffic, radiation, noise lighting, vibration.
- Biological     : Bacteria, microbes, poisonous, plants, animals.
- Chemical      : Air pollution, toxic waste, pesticides, industrial discharge.

http://www.thecanadianfacts.org/the_canadian_facts.pdf

Reference 

*http://www.thecanadianfacts.org/the_canadian_facts.pdf

* My review from my friend's blog

*Note from my lecturer's named Encik Mohd Jamalil Azam

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Welcome to Environmental Health study.

Post ini berkaitan dengan pembelajaran seorang student yang malang dalam kos Kesihatan Persekitaran.