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JENIS VEKTOR
Malaria is a good example of biological transmission. The female mosquitoes take the malaria infectious agent (Plasmodium) from an infected person with a blood meal. After sexual reproduction in the gut of the mosquito, the infectious agent migrates into the salivary gland of the insect, where it grows in size, matures and becomes ready to infect humans. When the mosquito next bites a human the saliva is injected into the skin and transfers the infection in doing so. An infectious agent may be passed from generation to generation of vector — this happens mostly in ticks and mites.
Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Also known as the brown rat or sewer rat, Norway rats are most numerous in urban areas. They burrow and live in the ground, and in woodpiles, debris, sewers and rubbish. Norway rats are omnivorous, which means they eat a wide variety of foods, but they mostly prefer cereal grains, meat, fish, nuts and some fruits. They do not travel more than 100 metres in search of water and food. When Norway rats invade buildings, they usually remain in the basement or ground floor. They reproduce rapidly (four to seven times a year producing eight to twelve young per litter with a gestation period of 22 days). The adult is relatively large in size, with a short tail and small ears. Their lifespan is 9–12 months.
Roof rats (Rattus rattus)
Also know as the black or grey rat, roof rats are more numerous in rural areas. They live in roofs, and eat mainly grains. They are smaller than Norway rats with longer tails and ears. They are excellent climbers and usually live and nest above ground in shrubs, trees and dense vegetation. In buildings, they are most often found in enclosed or elevated spaces in attics, walls, false ceilings, roofs and cabinets. They usually nest in buildings and have a range of 30–45 metres. They can often be seen at night running along overhead utility lines or fence tops, using their long tails for balance. The average number of litters a female roof rat has per year depends on many factors but generally is between three and five, with five to eight young in each litter.
Mice
Mice are smaller in size than rats and generally prefer cereals to eat. They are excellent climbers and can run up any rough vertical surface. They will run horizontally along wire cables or ropes and can jump up to 30 cm from the floor on to a flat surface. Mice can squeeze through openings slightly larger than 1 cm across. In a single year, a female may have five to ten litters of about five to six young. Young are born 19–21 days after mating, and they reach reproductive maturity in 6–10 weeks. The life span of a mouse is about 9–12 months.
MOSQUITOES
There are three main mosquito groups: Anopheles, Culex and Aedes. Anopheles mosquitoes breed in stagnant, relatively clean water bodies; Culex breed in polluted water; and Aedes like relatively clean water. Eggs are laid in a group (150–200 for Anopheles, 200–500 for Culex) on the water surface and hatch into larvae within a few hours. The larvae breathe oxygen from the air and stay at the surface of the water. They feed on organic matter and microorganisms in the water or on the surface. The larva changes into a pupa which can propel itself using paddles at the bottom of the abdomen. The adult mosquito emerges from the pupa on to the surface of the water and then flies away. The duration of the cycle is about 10–14 days depending on the water temperature.
Housefly
We are all familiar with this small creature that disturbs us in and around the household and in workplaces. The female lays 200–250 eggs at a time on organic matter. The organic matter could be human faeces, decaying animal and vegetable matter, fresh food or dung. Eggs are white and about 1 mm long. Within 8 to 48 hours the eggs hatch into tiny larvae. These maggots feed voraciously and pass through the three larval stages rapidly; then after four to eight days they pupate. The pupa gradually hardens and changes colour from yellow through red to brown and finally to black. This pupal stage takes three to five days under optimum conditions. The adult fly is attracted to breeding sites that will provide food and warmth for larvae.
You need to know that there are many different types of fly. Flies that are usually seen around a latrine are different from the common housefly in size and colour. However, they share similar breeding and eating behaviour.
Fleas
Adult fleas are ectoparasites of warm-blooded animals. There are human, rat, cat, bird and dog fleas, but they can all readily feed on other species in the absence of their primary host.
The prefix ecto- means ‘on the outside’, as opposed to endo- which means ‘on the inside’.
The human flea infests houses with poor sanitation, especially those with a warm, earth floor and dark places. The adults live by biting and sucking blood. The bite is painful, disturbing and irritating. The fleas may be seen on the host animal or on bedding or clothing. More commonly, humans will be alerted to the presence of fleas from the itching that results from being bitten. The bites of cat fleas tend to be confined to the lower legs and ankles, whereas the bites of human fleas tend to be concentrated around the waist and abdomen.
Females require a fresh blood meal in order to produce eggs. Females lay eight to ten eggs in dark places. The eggs hatch within two days into larvae which feed on organic matter and develop into pupae.
AMERICAN COCKROACH
Appearance: American cockroaches are reddish brown with a
yellowish figure 8 pattern on the back of their head.
Region: This species is located throughout United States.
Habitat: American cockroaches are often found in sewers and
basements, particularly around pipes and drains.
Unique Facts: The American cockroach is the largest of the
house-infesting cockroaches. They are active when the temperature is 70 degrees
or higher, but they can survive lower temperatures with the right conditions.
GERMAN COCKROACH
Appearance: German cockroaches are light brown to tan with
two dark stripes located on their backs. They are oval shaped with six legs and
antennae.
Region: This species is located across the United States.
Habitat: German cockroaches can be found throughout
structures but show a preference for warm and humid places. They are usually
found in kitchens and secondarily in bathrooms, but infestations often occur in
rooms where people eat and drink.
Unique Facts: The German cockroach is by far the most
important and usually the most common of the cockroaches. In addition to being
a nuisance, the German cockroach has been implicated in outbreaks of illness
and allergic reactions in many people.
Appearance: Oriental Cockroaches are large very dark colored
and shiny.
Region: This species is found in the northern region of the
United States.
Habitat: Oriental cockroaches are often found in sewers and
will enter structures through drains. They find indoor harborage in basements
and crawl spaces. They can also be found in leaf piles and firewood outdoors.
Unique Facts: Oriental cockroaches are sometimes called
"water bugs" because they come out of drains, and "black beetle cockroaches"
because of their smooth, dark bodies. This species creates a strong smell and
is considered one of the dirtiest of all the cockroaches.
VECTOR CONTROL STRATEGIES :
BIOLOGICAL
Biological control assumes that natural predators or parasites are able to suppress pests. Initially, therefore, natural enemies were imported to control the pests. These natural predators were released in small numbers, but once they became established they were effective in the long term. This method is also called inoculation. When the natural predator is introduced periodically, it is known as inundation.
CHEMICAL
Chemical pesticides are often used to control diseases, pests or weeds. Chemical control is based on substances that are toxic (poisonous) to the pests involved. When chemical pesticides are applied to protect plants from pests, diseases or overgrowth by weeds, we speak of plant protection products. It is of course important that the plant that needs protection does not itself suffer from the toxic effects of the protection products.
PHYSICAL
The use of human hands to remove harmful insects or other toxic material is often the most common action by gardeners. It is also classified as the most direct and the quickest way to remove clearly visible pests. However, it also has equal disadvantages as it must be performed before damage to the plant has been done and before the key development of insects.Mechanical traps or physical attractants are used in three main ways: to efficiently trap insects, to kill them or to estimate how much many insects there are in the total landmassusing sampling method. However, some traps are expensive to produce and can end up benefiting insects rather than harming them.
CULTURAL
In a traditional agriculture system, common cultural controls would be tillage, strategic planting dates, or crop rotation- all practices that in some way interrupt an insect pest's life cycle. A few of the old cultural controls can be rolled over to greenhouse production, of course, but a different setting requires that greenhouse producers rethink the way that they approach cultural controls.
REFERENCES
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