Water supply is the facility of water by public utilities, commercial organizations, community activities or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes.
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| (http://www.canstockphoto.com/illustration/water-supply.html) |
Water-Borne Diseases in Malaysia
- 2600 cases of gastroenteritis in Seremban (1982)
- 81 cases of infectious hepatitis in Raub (1987)
- 940 cases of infectious hepatitis in Kota Belud (1988)
- 300 cases of typoid fever in Johor Bahru (1990)
- 1278 cases of cholera in Penang (May 1996)
WATER -> TREATMENT -> WATER MOVING
RESOURCES FACILITY MECHANISM
-> SYSTEM
RESOURCES FACILITY MECHANISM
-> SYSTEM
DISTRIBUTION
Water Resources
- Two main sources of drinking water used by human
- population are surface water and underground water.
- Surface water are from rivers and lakes, groundwater which is stored naturally in underground aquifers.
- inMalaysia, water resources are State matters under
- the Federal Constitution and policies on management,
- regulation and development fall under the jurisdiction
- of the states.
- Various Federal and State agencies are responsible for water resources development and management – mainly water supply, irrigation and hydropower generation.
- In Peninsular Malaysia, the total water resources are dominated by the amount of water that flows in surface streams after rainfall.
- The source of all water is rainfall, with heavy rainfall during the monsoon seasons.
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| (http://slideplayer.com/slide/5175607/)
Water Quality Monitoring
Monitoring of river water quality in Malaysia by the
Department of Environment (DOE) started in 1978,
initially to establish water quality baseline and
subsequently to detect water quality changes and
identify pollution sources.
Water Quality Index
~ Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
~ Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
~ Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
~ Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN)
~ Suspended Solids (SS)
~ pH
Water Treatment Process |
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| http://www.clevelandwater.com/your-water/water-quality-and-treatment/water-treatment |
Three primary methods of moving water throughout the
water supply system.
- Gravity
- Direct Pumping
- Combination
Water Issues and Problem
Drought
- Three primary methods of moving water throughout the water supply system.
- Even when the country’s climate is relatively “wet”, you
- still get drought by deforestation, land degradation and
- the construction of dams.
- Drought can threatens public health and safety ~ if we
- continue to have bone-dry days with no reduction in
- demand.
- There is a need to conserve over the long term to
- prepare for the uncertainty.
Pipe Failures
- Malaysia’s non-revenue water is currently 39%.
- 26% lost via damaged water pipes
- 6% through inaccurate meter reading
- 5% was stolen
- 2% was due to other reasons.
- Under the 7th Malaysia Plan, RM499.5 million was pent for this. In 24 districts, water pipes totalling 2,648km were changed and water tank capacities were increased
Water Quality Issues
- The effect of urbanisation/increase in population activities
- change the quality of runoff within a catchment and its
- receiving waters.
- Sedimentation of rivers from land development & clearing -
- degrade water quality and affect the natural channel.
- Rainfall washes contaminants into the storm water system
- whereby they are transported to receiving waters.
- If this trend persists, the costs to rehabilitate the river and
- water treatment facilities will require higher investments.
Legislation Issues
- The lack of effective legislation, institutional
- arrangements and human resources for the monitoring
- and control of pollution and the absence of effective
- cost-recovery systems at the local or national level
Water-borne Disease
- Pathogens in water that can cause illness to human or
- animal.
- Poor sanitation and water supply.
Water Pollution
Definition:“The water which has contains and condition changed, not suitable to use”Any chemical, physical or biological change in the quality of water that has a harmful effect on any living thing that drinks or uses or lives (in) it.
Water Quality Parameters
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Point Source
Point sources discharge pollutants at specific locations
(direct) through pipelines or sewers into the surface
water.
Examples of point sources are: factories, sewage treatment plants, underground mines, oil wells, oil tankers and agriculture
Non-Point Source
Non-point sources are sources that cannot be traced
(indirect) to a single site of discharge.
Examples of non-point sources are: acid deposition
from the air, traffic, pollutants that are spread through
rivers and pollutants that enter the water through
groundwater.
Non-point pollution is hard to control because the
perpetrators cannot be traced.
3 Major Source :
Domestic Pollutants
Wastewater generated from the household activities. It contains organic and inorganic materials such as phosphates and nitrates. Organic materials are food and vegetable waste, whereas
inorganic materials come from soaps and detergents.
Industrial Pollutants
Caused by the discharged of industrial effluents. The industrial effluents contain organic pollutants and other
toxic chemicals. Some of the pollutants from industrial source include lead,
mercury, asbestos, nitrates, phosphates, oils, etc.
Agricultural Pollutants
Caused by agricultural wastes:
• Fertilizers
• Pesticides
• Soil additives
• Antibiotics/drugs
• Animal wastes
Drinking Water Legislation
- Drinking water should be free from any pathogen, virus or fine particles which can cause a disease or bad effect to human bodies.
- WHO’s Guideline for Drinking Water Quality.
- Malaysia National Standard for Drinking Water Quality.
REFERENCES
- http://www.canstockphoto.com/illustration/water-supply.html
- http://slideplayer.com/slide/5175607/
- http://www.clevelandwater.com/your-water/water-quality-and-treatment/water-treatment
- Notes that had been given by our lecturers Sir Mohd Jamalil Azam bin Mustafa
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